Wednesday, September 30, 2009

Free Samples First Auditions

Good News: City of Ancona in order to reduce compliance


By decision of 29.06.2009 the Mayor of Ancona has ordered a number of individuals operating on-site facilities to proceed within 60 days of notification to "implement, or irradiation of the plant or directly on the transmitter, all actions necessary to achieve reduction in accordance with the electric field levels produced by their irradiation facilities in each of the measuring ", warning that in case of failure there will be art. Cp 650 ( Whoever fails to comply with an order lawfully given authority for reasons of justice or public security or of public order and hygiene, shall be punished, if the offense is not a more serious crime, with imprisonment for up to three months or a fine of up to € 206). It will be necessary at this point whether the issuers will prefer to challenge the order or TAR seek, by mutual agreement, permanent solutions to the technical level.
Source: newslinet.it

The measure >> [pdf]




Sunday, September 20, 2009

Wedding Statements Of Purpose

Unilateral termination of employment

On September 16, 2009 was signed by the Minister for Public Administration and Innovation, Renato Brunetta, the explanatory circular on the implementation of the rule on early termination of employment for public employees with 40 years of contributions.

In 2009-2011 period the government will proceed with a notice of six months, the retirement of all employees who have reached 40 years of contributions.

The demarcation of the temporal scope of application of the institution that unites the three-year exemption from service, it shows that the experimental nature of the rules and instrumental to the objective of reducing the workforce in service and interventions streamlining the organization.

The provision excludes from the scope of judges, university professors, doctors and managers responsible for complex structure.
To read the full text of the circular here.

Patti Labelle Peach Cobbler

The contract

The contracts are part of the broader category of legal transactions acts or talks. The legal transaction
is an act that takes the form of expressions of will and they are connected to specific legal effects.

legal transactions are of two types: shop "inter vivos" and shop "mortis causa".
The stores are designed inter vivos to have effect during the life of the subjects;
stores mortis causa are intended to regulate the succession story or provide for the time following the death of the subject.
Among the first part of the contracts while among the latter are the wills.

As defined by Article 1321 of the Civil Code, the contract is a "agreement of two or more parties to establish, regulate or terminate a legal relationship between them-sheet"

analyzing this definition shows that Contract:

1) is a agreement, that the parties must reach consensus on all elements (or "Terms") that form the contract;

2) provides that at least two contractors , whether natural or legal persons;

3) must have a cause (or purpose) that, in general, is to "establish, regulate or extinguish" a report normally effective (in the legal term "enforceable") for the contractors and, therefore, usually ineffective (that is "unenforceable") to third parties , that is, towards those who are not contractors;

4) is legal ie protected by law and has the force of law for contractors;

5) is capital because the benefit to which the contractors are required to be measurable in money.

Contracts can be classified into:

- typical and atypical ;

> i c. Typical are called so because it expressly provided for and regulated by the Code;
between typical contracts worth remembering c. real so called because their processing is required for both the consent of the parties is the delivery: these are actual contracts, eg. the loan and mortgage .

> i c. atipici sono detti così perché pur non essendo previsti dal cc., sono comunque espressione dell’autonomia contrattuale delle parti e quindi sono degni di tutela giuridica.
Tra i contratti atipici rientrano i c. consensuali detti così perchè si perfezionano con il consenso delle parti; essi costituiscono la grande maggioranza dei contratti previsti dall'ordinamento giuridico.

Gli elementi del contratto

Si definiscono requisiti, o caratteri, quegli elementi che caratterizzano un contratto.
Si dividono in due gruppi:
- essenziali , devono obbligatoriamente essere presenti altrimenti il contratto è nullo;
they are Agreement, cause, scope, form .

- are incidental or ancillary items that the contractors are free to enter into the contract as long as lawful. They may not be present so much so that their absence does not lead to any imperfection of the contract;
They are: terms, conditions, way.


Agreement The agreement is the consensus reached by the parties and when it happens the contract is concluded.


Cause The cause is the goal that all those who enter into a contract to achieve.
For example, the cause of the sale is the transfer of ownership of property upon the consideration of a price.
The case must be permitted that is not contrary to the provisions of the law: an unlawful makes the contract void.

Subject
The object is the provision specified in the contract or the asset.
For example in real estate the subject property is on one side, the other the price.
The object must be lawful , that is not contrary to law;
possible, that is physically and legally feasible (you can not, for example. Sell the moon);
determined , or quantified (eg. For a house is its exact location), or determined, that is quantifiable, even after the conclusion of the contract (eg. The sale of a house not yet built).


Form Form is the way verbal, gestural or written by which manifests the intention of the parties.
The general rule of our legal system is that of freedom of form in the sense that if the statute provides otherwise, the parties may choose the preferred option.
Where the law provides a certain form, it becomes essential and if not respected the contract is invalid (it is essential, eg., Shape scritta per la compravendita immobiliare).

Condizione
Il contratto è legato ad un evento futuro ma incerto al verificarsi del quale è legata l’efficacia (cond. sospensiva) o la risoluzione del contratto (cond. risolutiva); se la condizione è illecita o impossibile il contratto è nullo;

Termine
Il contratto è legato ad un evento futuro ma certo al verificarsi del quale, o fino al verificarsi del quale, si producono gli effetti del contratto stesso;

Modo
Il contratto pone una limitazione ad un atto di liberalità (ad esempio: vendo una casa ma
impongo all’acquirente sending them for a particular purpose).

Effects of contract

The contract - as a measure of private autonomy - has force of law between the parties: it obliges them to respect not only what has been agreed upon, but also to bear all the consequences that the second the law arising therefrom.
The contract can not be dissolved except by mutual consent or for reasons allowed by law .
If either party is empowered to cancel the contract, that right can be exercised until the contract has not had a start of execution.

To strengthen the contractual relationship of one or both parties in the contracts that generally have as their object future benefits, the law provides for two "institutes":
the liquidated damages and the deposit .

Penalty Clause means that in case of default of either party, the contract provides for the damages to the other party, without the latter may also require the fulfillment of the contract, the penalty can be expected even in the case of delayed performance.
The creditor has no obligation to prove the existence or the extent of the damage is sufficient that there was breach of contract. The deposit

consists of a sum of money that a contract is a party gives to another.
There are two types of deposit, the deposit and the penitential . The

deposit forces who received it to be deducted at the time of the payment in case of default may be two possibilities:
a) is in default who has paid the deposit, the other party may withdraw from contract holding the deposit;
b) if, on the contrary, the defaulting party is the person who receives the deposit, the other party may terminate the contract and require double the amount. However

la parte adempiente può anche scegliere di:
- chiedere al giudice l’esecuzione del contratto;
- chiedere al giudice la risoluzione del contratto con contemporanea richiesta di risarcimento del danno subito.

La caparra penitenziale è definita al cc. “il corrispettivo del recesso per ciascuna delle parti”
Ciò significa che se nel contratto è stata prevista la possibilità che le parti possano recedere, se chi recede è colui che ha ricevuto la caparra la deve restituire doppia; invece se chi recede è colui che ha dato la caparra, la perde.
Diversamente da quanto previsto per la caparra confirmatoria, la parte adempiente non può, al posto della caparra, ask the judge nor the performance of the contract or compensation for damage suffered.

Termination

We mentioned the failure as a reason for the termination (ie termination) of the contract.
We see better what it means failure and what are the other causes that they terminate the contract.

The contract may be terminated failure, impossibility, excessive burden occurred.
As you can understand these three cases may occur only after the conclusion of the contract.

Failure mean total partial, late or defective performance;
impossibility means the occurrence of an unforeseeable event (unthinkable) that makes it impossible to execute the contract;
excessive burden occurred means that for reasons not caused by intention of the parties executing the contract is no longer advantageous (for one or both parties). This is usually done on contract to continuous supplies.

The contract can not be resolved automatically, but will be dissolved upon the decision of the court called upon to determine whether it actually exists the cause.

Disability the contract: nullity and annulment

You say disabled those contracts that have since birth anomalies which preclude them from having the force of law. They are divided into
void and voidable .

contracts are null when missing an essential element or when it causes and / or object is unlawful. The sentence of nullity may be requested from the court, without limits of time, by anyone's interest to do so. If the court declares that the contract was void, this can not be remedied in any way: it is incurable.

contracts are voidable when they are concluded a unable or when the show will defects.
Such contracts can be terminated by the judge's decision within five years after they are concluded otherwise be barred.
But they can also be cured by removing the anomalies that have made it voidable.

I defects will , above, are:
- error when you are in the presence of ignorance, mistake or insufficient knowledge for an informed decision;
- violence while in the presence of a threat which forces the signature;
- intent while in the presence of a scam that convinces the signing.

Rescissione del contratto

La rescissione è un’azione intesa a togliere efficacia ad un contratto, con effetto retroattivo.
E’ giustificata da una sproporzione tra le prestazioni contrattuali contrapposte o dalla iniquità degli obblighi assunti da una parte.
Può essere esercitata entro un anno dalla conclusione del contratto.

La rescissione è consentita:
> quando il contratto è stato stipulato mentre una delle parti si trovava in pericolo di danno grave alla persona ;
> quando il contratto è stato stipulato mentre una delle parti si trovava in stato di bisogno e l’altra parte ne ha approfittato.

The possible validation of the contract is never permissible, but the party may avoid the termination in bad faith by offering the balance of benefits.

Friday, September 18, 2009

What It Cost To Build House In Ontario

The sales contract

Definition, characteristics and obligations of the parties

the contract of sale may be given different definitions.
According to the Civil Code, Art. 1470, " the sale is a contract that provide for the transfer of ownership of one thing or another right in exchange for the payment of a price ."
The term "sale" is therefore the passage of ownership of anything from a seller to a buyer.
Da ciò è possibile ricavare un’altra definizione:
il contratto di vendita è un accordo tra due parti in base al quale una parte cede all’altra parte un bene o un servizio o un diritto in cambio di un corrispettivo

Normalmente nel contratto di vendita “il corrispettivo” è costituito da denaro; se il corrispettivo fosse costituito da un altro bene o servizio o diritto si avrebbe invece un contratto di permuta e non di vendita.

Dalle definizioni citate si ricavano i tre caratteri fondamentali del contratto di vendita:
bilateralità; consensualità; a titolo oneroso .

bilaterality
The contract is bilateral because in order to have a sale requires the presence of two parties: a seller (or vendor) and Buyer (or buyer).
Obviously there can be no trading in the presence of only one party!

consensual
The contract is consensual because the two parties must reach consensus (agreement) because the contract is concluded.
No contract is concluded without the consent of both parties or with the consent of one party only.
consent, of course, must be given in the manner and form required by law and persons with of capacity to act .

for consideration
The contract for consideration because it says both parties must make a "sacrifice sheet" that is expressed in the fact that a party must give up the good or service or the other must give up the right the fee.

By signing the sales contract obligations born of against both the seller and the buyer. Let's see.

Obligations of the seller

1) Give the thing sold:
is clear that you can not sell a thing without delivery!

2) Ensure that the buyer dall'evizione ensure that there are no other parties with rights to the machine.

3) Ensure the thing against hidden defects [hidden, not visible] that may make it unsuitable for the intended use or appreciably diminish the value.
The buyer must report any defect within eight days after discovery (unless otherwise provided by law).
Seller, as a rule, must make good the damage and must make good any damage occurred as a result of the defect.

4) Ensure the thing against the lack of quality promise
when the thing sold does not have the promised quality, that is, those essential for the intended purpose (except for the ordinary acceptable tolerances), the buyer has the right to terminate the contract and compensation for the damage he has suffered.
The right action is the statute of limitations [that is no longer exercisable] one year after delivery.

Obligations of the buyer

1) Remove the purchased: it is clear that you do not buy a thing to let the seller!
2) Paying the price of the purchased in the manner and time agreed.
3) Paying the expenses of the sale contract.

Stages of the purchase

Transactions are carried out through three main phases:

1) trattativa; 2) stipulazione; 3) esecuzione.

La trattativa consiste nel dialogo che si instaura tra le parti allo scopo di raggiungere il consenso (l’accordo) sulle varie clausole [condizioni] che dovranno regolare la compravendita.
Il fatto che inizi una trattativa non significa però che essa debba per forza andare a buon fine: il codice civile lascia libertà alle parti di concludere o meno il contratto ma le obbliga a comportarsi secondo buona fede.
Infatti, secondo il c.c., se una parte, in malafede, fa concludere il contratto sapendo che sarà comunque invalido, dovrà risarcire l’eventuale danno fatto all’altra parte.

L’ esecuzione is to implement the agreements reached by the parties [cf. above: obligations of the parties]. The conclusion

is the way in which the contract manifests itself: it can be so gestural, verbal and written.

The choice of entering into certain contracts to be prescribed by law in the sense that some of the contracts on which the law requires contractors to writing.
For all other contracts, the contractors are free to enter as they wish. The conclusion

sign is that which occurs, for example, consists in the auction and a helping hand to confirm the offer of the auctioneer.
The report concluded
happens when contractors are usually both present and exchange the goods / money takes place simultaneously: for example when you buy the newspaper you enter into a verbal contract. The conclusion

written can happen in two ways: formal and non formal . The conclusion

formal written requires the presence of the contractors and the contemporary signature of the contract which is normally produced in at least two copies, one for each of the contractors.
The contract will cover all the agreements (clauses) achieved: this is because, once signed, the contract has the force of law between the parties sono tenute a rispettare le clausole sottoscritte; la legge infatti tutela i contraenti e li obbliga a rispettare il contratto.

La stipulazione scritta non formale si verifica quando le firme dei contraenti sul contratto avvengono in momenti diversi.
E’ il caso, per esempio, di un contratto firmato da un contraente e poi spedito all’altro contraente perché anche lui lo firmi.
Questi tipi di contratti prendono anche il nome di contratti a distanza .

Sono in parte considerati contratti a distanza anche quei contratti che si sviluppano partendo da un’offerta al pubblico
Si parla di offerta al pubblico , quando una parte (in genere l’imprenditore) offers a collective uncertainty surrounding the signing of a contract of sale frequently.
The most typical case is the display of goods on display with its price to the public or display a price list.

offer to the public, when it contains the essential details of the contract at the conclusion of which is directed, that as a proposal and is therefore sufficient that the other part adheres to end the contract because it no longer possible for the agent to modify the conditions .
The agent may instead amend or withdraw the offer prior to accession, provided that it is in the same form used for the first offer or in a form equivalent (eg exposing a different card for the price), it is so effective even against those who have not received notice of the amendment or repeal.

Over time we have developed new forms of remote sales (catalog sales sent home, telesales, Internet ...) which led to an update of legislation to protect purchasers who, unable to physically see and assess the goods, as in store sales, can be "cheated".
Therefore the law for this type of sale, the buyer acknowledges the right of withdrawal :
the buyer has the right to return the goods and the repayment of price paid.

To exercise the right of withdrawal should send the seller a registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt (by which we declare to terminate the contract) within ten working days from when you received the goods, and at the same time, we must return the goods to the sender.
The seller, in turn, will return to the purchaser the price he paid within thirty days of receipt of returned merchandise.

not always exercise their right of return: there are cases in which the buyer can not exercise that right as for the supply of goods made to measure or custom, for goods that are liable to deteriorate rapidly for products audiovisivi o software sigillati e aperti dall’acquirente; per giornali e riviste….

E’ vietata la fornitura di cose non richieste dal consumatore qualora queste siano a pagamento;
inoltre non è possibile ritenere un assenso la mancata risposta ad una proposta contrattuale.

Le clausole o elementi contrattuali

In ogni contratto vengono di regola specificate le clausole che regolano i rapporti tra i contraenti: alcune di queste sono essenziali per la validità del contratto stesso mentre altre sono accessorie nel senso che se dovessero mancare il contratto sarebbe ugualmente valido.
Tuttavia per evitare eventuali contestazioni tra le parti such clauses are generally also present.
The essential terms are three: quality, quantity and price of the goods . For

quality means precise identification of the type of goods.
It is not enough especially when a generic indication of goods that there are different types: hand cream, body cream, face cream ... ..

Quantity means is an indication of how much merchandise is in both the number and species of any containers. For example, n ° 43 bottles of 500 ml. ... For

price means that it must be the unit price is the total of the goods; the price shall be net of VAT if the sale is made to a buyer who has p. VAT.
other hand, if the sale is made to the public the price must be inclusive of VAT.

clauses are all those ancillary agreements which the parties agree to enter into the contract.
Among these there are some more important than others such as:
- time, place and means of delivery of the goods;
- type and cost of packing;
- time and means of payment for the goods,
- any discounts;
- any interest for late payment.

time of delivery

For "delivery time" to the time at which the goods are delivered or shipped to the buyer.
Consequently, the delivery can be:
- instant, when the goods are delivered or sent immediately;
- ready when the goods are delivered or sent within a short period of time generally ranges from 5 to 15 days;
- deferred , where the goods are delivered or shipped at a later date to the sale and not after 15 days;
- Alternatively, if the seller indicates two or more possible dates for delivery or shipment is not being able to set a date accurate;
- distributed, when delivery or shipment of goods is split into several parts in time for example a part is delivered after 30 days and the remainder after 60 days.

Place of delivery

The determination of the place where the goods are to be handed down to where the responsibility of the contractors risk and cost of transport. The

" transportation risk " is the possibility that the merchandise arrives damaged or even not arrive at all: to identify between seller and buyer who would risk this means identifying those who must repay the damage.

Goods can be delivered at the warehouse of the seller and in this case
said to be "surrender (surrender) ex-.
This means that the risks from transport are borne by the buyer.

If the goods are delivered at the warehouse of the buyer is said to be "made ex-arrival (or carriage paid) " and in this case the transportation risks are borne by the seller.

To avoid these risks, particularly if the goods are of value, the contractor whose job it is to take the risk of transmission, provides generally to ensure the goods. The

" spese di trasporto ” sono ovviamente le spese necessarie per trasportare la merce dal magazzino del venditore a quello del compratore: sapere a chi spettano è importante per calcolare l’effettivo costo del prodotto acquistato.
Tali spese, anche se il trasporto viene effettuato da un vettore (trasportatore), possono essere a carico di uno solo dei due contraenti o possono venire ripartite tra i due: questo si determina durante la trattativa tra le parti.
Se le spese del trasporto vengono pagate da chi vende si dice che la merce viene “resa in porto franco ”;
se invece le spese vengono pagate da chi compra la merce si dice “resa in porto assegnato ”.

L’imballaggio

L’imballaggio è quel materiale destinato a contenere, a proteggere e a conservare le merci e a rendere gradevole, in alcuni casi, anche il loro aspetto estetico.

L’imballaggio deve avere determinate caratteristiche:
- leggerezza e volume contenuto , perché le spese di trasporto si pagano a peso x volume;
- robustezza , per evitare rotture e quindi perdita del prodotto e perciò di denaro;
- economicità , perché il costo dell’imballaggio influisce sul costo finale del prodotto;
- esteticamente valido , perché a volte una brutta estetica non ne favorisce la vendita, ecc.

A seconda di dove è posizionato rispetto al prodotto l’imballaggio si distingue in:
- imballaggio primario : a diretto contatto con il prodotto (ad es. il barattolo che contiene la crema);
- imballaggio secondario : a diretto contatto con l’imballaggio primario (ad esempio la scatolina che contiene il barattolo della crema);
- imballaggio terziario : a diretto contatto con l’imballaggio secondario (ad esempio lo scatolone che contiene le scatoline che, a loro volta, contengono la crema); ecc.

Per quanto riguarda il costo dell’imballaggio , questo può essere:
- gratuito , quando nella fattura di acquisto non ne viene evidenziato il costo perché già compreso nel prezzo del prodotto;
- fatturato , quando nella fattura di acquisto ne viene evidenziato il costo separandolo dal costo della merce;
- a rendere , quando l’imballaggio viene prestato dal venditore al compratore che successivamente dovrà restituirlo (o pagarlo se lo trattiene);
- fornito dall’acquirente , quando è lo stesso compratore che si fa confezionare la merce su un imballaggio da lui dato al venditore.

Tempo di pagamento della merce

Per tempo di pagamento si intende il momento in cui deve essere pagata the goods than at the time of delivery.
Accordingly, payment may be:
- early, when it occurs before delivery;
- immediate or ready cash, if it happens at delivery;
- for cash, if it happens within a limited period of time (between 5 and 15 days) and not with cash, as you may mistakenly think;
- delayed (or deferred or delayed), it is in a certain period after delivery and not after 15 days.

The deferred payment can be split into several intervals (eg. 30 and 60 days, meaning that half that sum is pagata dopo 30 giorni e l’altra metà dopo 60 giorni dalla consegna)

Oltre che rispetto alla data di consegna della merce, il pagamento può anche essere differito rispetto alla data della fattura: questo serve per guadagnare qualche giorno di valuta in più, cioè di interessi dati dalla banca sui soldi depositati sul conto corrente, oppure per avere più tempo per vendere la merce e incassarne i soldi.
In questo caso, non dovendo ritirare dal proprio conto corrente i soldi per pagare la merce, si dice che la si paga “ con i soldi del fornitore ”.

Lo sconto e l’interesse per ritardato pagamento

Lo sconto è una riduzione percentuale del prezzo praticata dal venditore al compratore: non è obbligatorio ma viene fatto a discrezione del venditore.

Lo sconto può essere condizionato se per averlo il compratore deve sottostare a una o più condizioni dettate dal venditore: ad esempio lo sconto viene praticato al compratore se questo paga la merce alla consegna invece che a 30 giorni.

Lo sconto è incondizionato se il compratore non deve sottostare ad alcuna condizione per averlo: ad esempio nella cosiddetta vendita promozionale lo sconto è incondizionato.

L’ interesse , invece, è l’inverso dello sconto: si tratta di un aumento percentuale del prezzo that is paid to those who temporarily lend money to others.

In commercial practice it may happen that the seller, against a very late payment, or ask the buyer claiming an interest on the amount that he owes him for the purchase of goods.

To calculate the amount of interest there is a mathematical formula which will be explained orally by the teacher.

Payment methods

There are several ways to pay for the goods and the choice of either being left to the intent of the parties.
I will just mention the most used in business stating any positives or negatives.

- cash : secure method (except for fake money), but use only for payments
minor;
- checks : practical, feasible only for amounts up to € 12,500 but fraud risk - check Circular : practical and safe method but not used for deferred payments;
- bank : hands-on approach but is linked to honesty of the buyer (the bank is an operation whereby we make available to a person, or you trust, a sum of money at a particular bank);
- bank transfer: a practical method al'onestà but tied the buyer; it is a credit transaction made between customers of the same bank;
- mark : payment made to the carrier at the moment of delivery, may be safer or less depending on how that is, if the payment is by bank draft or cash or by check;
- Ri.Ba. or electronic bank receipt : is one of the most popular procedures in the trade, the buyer orders his bank to pay the supplier taking money directly from your bank account for crediting to the account of the seller, not sure why the payment depends on ' honesty of the buyer.

Thursday, September 3, 2009

Alternative To La Crema Wine Chardonnay

Bankruptcy and Insolvency

(Text aggiornato con le modifiche introdotte dal D.Lgs. n. 5 /06 e dal D.Lgs. n. 169 /07 ).

L’imprenditore commerciale che non è in grado di pagare i propri debiti (che si trova cioè in stato di insolvenza ) può essere dichiarato fallito:

1) su ricorso di uno o più creditori;
2) su richiesta dello stesso imprenditore;
3) su istanza del pubblico ministero.

Il D. Lgs. 169/07 ha fissato il limite minimo per la dichiarazione di insolvenza in 30.000 euro di debiti scaduti e non pagati (cifra aggiornabile periodicamente) al di sotto della quale il fallimento non can be declared.

The most important changes introduced by D. Decree Law 5 / 06 and D. Decree Law 169/07 are:

1) the lifting of sanctions against the bankrupt's personal and abolition of the institution of rehabilitation.
According to the rules before the 2006 reform, the ruling declaring the bankruptcy of the bankrupt followed that enrollment in the public records of failures, which were connected to a series of continuing inability to conservation of such entry.
Reform:
- abolished the register of bankrupts, and specified that any personal failure on the failed cease with the closing of the bankruptcy (art. LF 120) was suppressed in the school of rehabilitation.
addition, the Legislative Decree no. 169/2007:
- deleted any reference to the failure in the criminal judicial potential;
- relating to the regulation failed the subject of trade-lines can now enroll in the business register, which holds a new business, separate from the subject to failure.

2) dell'esdebitazione the introduction of legislation (Articles 142-144 LF):
closed once the procedure without full payment of creditors, the bankrupt may be discharged of debts residues (but only with respect creditors are not satisfied in full) provided that he or she has been the author of fraudulent behaviors toward themselves and the creditors have cooperated with the bodies of the bankruptcy proceedings for the successful and expeditious realization of the same.
dell'esdebitazione can benefit only the person failed, the companies are excluded.

3) the repeal of the forced administration;

4) the removal of all references to the term "small business";

5) buttressing the burden on the defendant to prove not be a subject fallible.

Insolvency

There alternatives to the procedure of F that are applied when the F jeopardize their jobs, the economy of the local community in which the firm operates, banks or other companies heavily exposed. These procedures are called and bankruptcy are:

1) arrangement
2) special administration
3) wound up




Bankruptcy Bankruptcy is a legal procedure by which the 'entrepreneur who is insolvent, is divested of all his assets to satisfy creditors with the proceeds of their sale.

So there are two conditions for the failure:
- subjective : being an entrepreneur and small private business;
- objective: to be in a state of insolvency or inability to satisfy debts in the normal continuation of the work. But we must distinguish between

insolvency and default :
> the failure is the failure to pay one or more debts due to failure or inability of the entrepreneur but, for example, to challenge, neglect, etc. .;
> insolvency instead is, for example, always pay late, cessare del tutto i pagamenti, avere titoli protestati, ecc..

Infatti l’art. 5 della L.F. così recita:
L'imprenditore che si trova in stato d'insolvenza è dichiarato fallito.
Lo stato d'insolvenza si manifesta con inadempimenti od altri fatti esteriori, i quali dimostrino che il debitore non è più in grado di soddisfare regolarmente le proprie obbligazioni.

Chi decide se si tratta di inadempimento o di insolvenza è il giudice del tribunale fallimentare investito della questione.

Le caratteristiche del fallimento sono:
1) la concorsualità , cioè il fallimento coinvolge tutti i creditori i quali, con l’apertura the procedure must cease any enforcement actions pending or individual can begin again;
2) the general in the sense that the failure involves the entire assets of the debtor and not just the individual goods is running as an individual;
3) the officiosità in the sense that, regardless of who takes the initiative, the process proceeds automatically without being subject to the impulses of the proceedings of the creditors.

With the declaration of bankruptcy individual entrepreneurs and company directors are also exposed to the risk of prosecution planned to verify the existence of any bankruptcy crimes.

Possono essere dichiarati falliti soltanto gli imprenditori commerciali privati, siano essi persone fisiche o società.

Non sono invece fallibili gli imprenditori
“...i quali dimostrino il possesso congiunto dei seguenti requisiti:
a) aver avuto, nei tre esercizi antecedenti la data di deposito della istanza di fallimento o dall'inizio dell'attivita', se di durata inferiore, un attivo patrimoniale di ammontare complessivo annuo non superiore ad euro trecentomila;
b) aver realizzato …… nei tre esercizi antecedenti la data di deposito dell'istanza di fallimento o dall'inizio dell'attivita', se di durata inferiore, ricavi lordi per un ammontare complessivo annuo non superiore to two hundred thousand euro;
c) have a level of debt is not even expired, not exceeding five hundred thousand euro. "
(Article 1 LF amended by Legislative Decree no. 12/09/2007, No. 169)

As you can see, art. 1 of the LF has disappeared the previous distinction between "small commercial contractor" and "entrepreneur", having been set quantitative limits that exceed those definitions.
These limits also affect the craft business, whether carried out individually or in aggregate form.

can not be declared bankrupt, though insolvent, farmers, government economic (Subject, however, compulsory winding up) and those who do not have the characteristics of a businessman.

In case of termination of Article 10 of the Federal Act (as amended by Decree . September 12, 2007, No. 169 ) says:
Entrepreneurs individual and group can be declared bankrupt within one year after removal from the register of companies, and if the default is' manifested itself prior to or within the next year ... ....

In case of death, Article 11 provides:
"The deceased contractor may be declared bankrupt, when making use the conditions laid down in previous ... ... " [cf. art. 10]

is interesting art. 147 of the Federal Act (as amended by Legislative Decree no. 12/09/2007, No. 169) that in respect any occult members, states:
"... If after the bankruptcy of the company is the existence of other partners with unlimited liability, the court, upon application by the liquidator, a creditor of a bankrupt partner, says the failure of the same. "

Initiative for bankruptcy

" Failure is declared on the application of the debtor, one or more creditors or at the request of the prosecutor. "

- Most of the time the request part of the bankruptcy of one or more creditors (who must prove his claim and the state of insolvency of the debtor).
This request is most often "intimidating" because if the debtor pays the procedure gets scared and did not even open.

- the contractor may also ask your bankruptcy when, for example, wants to avoid any pressure or blackmail by threatening creditors.
Instead, the entrepreneur must ask yourself to failure if a lack of demand could aggravate the disruption
(art. 217 LF: be punished by imprisonment from six months to two years ..... the contractor, which has compounded its ...... disruption by not requiring the declaration of their failure ... )

- The third person who may seek bankruptcy is the public prosecutor (art. 7 LF):
The prosecutor submits the request .....:
1) when the bankruptcy is over a criminal proceedings, or from fleeing, or hiding from the unavailability of the entrepreneur, the closure of the premises from theft, the fraudulent substitution or reduction of assets by the entrepreneur;
2) when the insolvency is the signal from the court which has not been detected in the course of civil proceedings.
(Article amended by the Legislative . January 9, 2006, No. 5 )

decision declaring the bankruptcy

jurisdiction to rule on the request of the bankruptcy court is the place where the entrepreneur has headquarters of the company (art. 9 LF).

Once the request for bankruptcy court must call the contractor and feel. If the court finds that do not exist is the subjective condition that the objective for the declaration of bankruptcy, shall be rejected by reasoned decree.

Otherwise is pronounced the declared insolvent. Article. 16 LF, so replaced by Leg. September 12, 2007, No 169 , states:
" The court finds the failure to award, including that:
1) appoint the court supervising the procedure;
2) appoint the liquidator;
3) orders the failed the filing of financial statements and accounting records and tax mandatory, and 'list of creditors ......;
4) determine the place, day and time where the meeting will proceed' the review of the passive .....;
5) gives the creditors ... .... the maximum of thirty days before the meeting referred to in number 4 for the submission of applications to lodge at the Court.

Article 18: Claim (as replaced by Leg. September 12, 2007, No. 169 ).
against a sentence declaring bankruptcy can 'be brought complaints [opposition] by the debtor and any question .......
The complaint does not suspend the effects of the contested decision .....
[that does not prevent the continuation of the bankruptcy proceedings]
The court ruling on the appeal shall ....... If
failure and 'revoked, remain subject to the effects of acts legally done by the organs of the procedure ......
[ie acts that allowed the progress of the bankruptcy, with the withdrawal of the entrepreneur is no longer failed]

Effects of bankruptcy

Personal towards bankruptcy

effects for the failed are governed by Articles. 42-49 of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended by Decree . January 9, 2006, No 5 and Leg. September 12, 2007, No 169 .

Essentially, the failure is private, from the date of declaration of bankruptcy, not property ma della disponibilità e dell’amministrazione dei suoi beni.

A norma dell’art. 46 non sono compresi nel fallimento:
1) i beni ed i diritti di natura strettamente personale;
2) gli assegni aventi carattere alimentare, gli stipendi, pensioni, salari e ciò che il fallito guadagna con la sua attività entro i limiti di quanto occorre per il mantenimento suo e della famiglia;
3) i frutti derivanti dall'usufrutto legale sui beni dei figli, i beni costituiti in fondo patrimoniale e i frutti di essi;
4) le cose che non possono essere pignorate per disposizione di legge.

[ Sono, in ogni caso, non pignorabili:
- quei beni dichiarati impignorabili da speciali law (art.545 cpc; Articles. 170, 326, 828, 1558, 1881.1923, 2117, 2531, 2614 cc);
- sacred things and those who serve the exercise of religion;
- l ' wedding ring, clothes, linen, beds, tables for eating meals with their chairs, wardrobes, chests of drawers, refrigerators, heaters and cooking stoves even if gas or electric washing machine , tools, home and kitchen together with a piece of furniture suitable to contain, as essential to the debtor and the members of his family living with them (but excluding the furniture, not the beds of considerable economic value, also found merit art or antiques);
- i commestibili e i combustibili necessari per un mese al mantenimento del debitore ed alle persone della sua famiglia con lui conviventi;
- le armi e gli oggetti che il debitore ha l'obbligo di conservare per l'adempimento di un pubblico servizio;
- le decorazioni al valore, le lettere, i registri e in generale gli scritti di famiglia, nonché i manoscritti, salvo che formino parte di una collezione.
- gli strumenti, gli oggetti e i libri indispensabili per l'esercizio della professione, dell'arte o del mestiere del debitore possono essere pignorati nei limiti del quinto, salve eccezioni.]

I limiti previsti al n. 2), sono fissati con decreto motivato del giudice delegato che deve tener conto della condizione staff of the bankrupt and that of his family.

Under Article. 48 " The bankrupt person and 'obligation to deliver to the liquidator in his correspondence of any kind, including electronic, concerning reports, including bankruptcy.
The direct correspondence to the bankrupt that is not natural and 'delivered to the liquidator.
"
(Article amended by Leg. September 12, 2007, No. 169 ).

Article. 49 (as amended by Decree . January 9, 2006, No. 5 ) provides that "the entrepreneur who has been declared bankrupt, and its directors o i liquidatori di società o enti soggetti alla procedura di fallimento, sono tenuti a comunicare al curatore ogni cambiamento della propria residenza o del proprio domicilio.”

Con il D.L gs. 9 gennaio 2006, n. 5 è stato abrogato l’art. 50 che stabiliva delle incapacità a cui era soggetto il fallito [cfr. sopra]

Nei confronti dei creditori

Il fallimento conferisce ai creditori il diritto di partecipare alla distribuzione del ricavato ottenuto dalla liquidazione del patrimonio del fallito.
Inoltre
.....dal giorno della dichiarazione di fallimento nessuna azione individuale..... può be commenced or continued [creditors] on property included in the bankruptcy.
(Article 51 as amended by Decree . January 9, 2006, No. 5 )

organs failure

bodies responsible for failure are:

bankruptcy court;
Juge;
liquidator;
creditors' committee.

Al court it the whole process of bankruptcy and the appointment of the appointed judge is the liquidator;
the court supervising the bankruptcy proceedings throughout directs and supervises the activities of the liquidator;
the curator has the administration of the estate and performs all the operations of the procedure under the supervision of the appointed judge and the creditors 'committee, as part of the functions attributed to him;
the creditors' committee, composed of three Five creditors, mainly advisory functions, but may inspect the records and documents of the bankruptcy and has the right to information and clarification by the trustee and the bankrupt.

The procedure of bankruptcy

evolve through distinct phases and later:
1) affixing of seals takeover of the bankrupt's assets by the liquidator;
2) finding del passivo;
3) accertamento dell’attivo;
4) liquidazione dell’attivo e ripartizione del ricavato tra i creditori;
5) chiusura del fallimento.

“Dichiarato il fallimento, il curatore procede...... all'apposizione dei sigilli sui beni che si trovano nella sede principale dell'impresa e sugli altri beni del debitore.”
(art. 84 così modificato dal D.lgs. 9 gennaio 2006, n. 5 )

“Devono essere consegnate al curatore:
a) il denaro contante.....;
b) le cambiali e gli altri titoli compresi quelli scaduti;
c) le scritture contabili e ogni altra documentazione acquired from the same request or if not yet filed at the Registry. "
(Article 86 as amended by Decree . January 9, 2006, No. 5 )

" The Editor .... . draw up the inventory as soon as possible ..... present or notified the bankrupt and the creditors' committee ..... "
(Article 87 as amended by Decree . January 9, 2006, No. 5 )

" The editor ..... must complete the list of creditors with a statement of their claims and liens, as well as' a list of all those who own ..... about things in the possession or the availability 'of failed ....." (Article 89 as amended by Decree . September 12, 2007, No. 169 )
"The curator, examined the records and dell'impreditore other sources of information, it shall without delay to the creditors .....:
1) that can enter the contest by depositing in the clerk of the court, question ....;
2) the date fixed for the examination of the passive [which consists of a list that shows the debts of the bankrupt as a debt in bankruptcy] and one in which applications should be submitted .....;"
(Article 92 as amended by Decree . January 9 2006, no 5 )

"The editor examines the questions ..... and establish separate lists of creditors .....
The editor of liabilities in the draft ..... clerk of the court hearing set for the examination of the person, the judge appointed ..... decide on each application ..... The bankrupt can 'request to be heard ....."
(as replaced by Article Leg. September 12, 2007, No. 169 .

"..... After the 'examination of all the questions, the judge appointed as the passive state and makes executive decree filed with the Court ......"
(art. 96 as amended by Decree . September 12, 2007, No 169 )

After the enactment of the executive decree that makes the passive state, the trustee shall sell the goods forming part of the proceeds distributed to creditors as it is realized.
's rare that creditors are able to be paid in full: usually receive only a portion of the advance.
With the proceeds from the failure is first paid "the court", then the secured creditors and unsecured creditors finally.
The privileged are entitled to be repaid before the others

creditors secured by mortgage, pledge [= diritto o oggetto cui viene attribuita funzione di garanzia di un obbligo] o privilegio fanno valere il loro diritto di prelazione sul prezzo dei beni vincolati……; se non sono soddisfatti integralmente, concorrono, per quanto è ancora loro dovuto, con i creditori chirografari nelle ripartizioni del resto dell'attivo. (art. 54 L.F.)

Per capirsi, i crediti per i contributi che hanno gli enti previdenziali, i crediti dei lavoratori per le retribuzioni da parte dei loro datori di lavoro, i crediti dello Stato per le imposte sono tutti crediti privilegiati.

“Approvato il conto e liquidato il compenso del curatore, il giudice delegato, sentite le proposte del curatore, ordina the final apportionment under the former rules. "
(Article 117 as amended by Decree . January 9, 2006, No. 5 )

closure of the bankruptcy

" The closure and the failure 'declared by decree of the court reasoned, on the application of the liquidator or the debtor or office ....."
(Article 119 as amended by Decree . September 12, 2007, No. 169 )

The bankruptcy proceeding is closed:
1) is accomplished when the final distribution of assets in bankruptcy;
2) when, for lack of assets, the procedure can not be successfully continued;
3) when the first of the final distribution was paid in full the total liabilities in bankruptcy;
4) when they were proposed proofs of the person within the law.

The failure to close the cases referred to in points 1) and 2) may be reopened within five years when the assets of the bankrupt assets arise such as to render useful to reopen.

effects of the closure

"With the closing cease the effects of bankruptcy on the assets of failed ... ... and the bodies fell into bankruptcy ...... Creditors regain the freedom to pursue actions to the debtor for the unsatisfied portion of their claims ......" (Article 120 as amended by Decree . September 12, 2007, No. 169 ).

Bankruptcy can exercise also closed by a procedure called "bankruptcy agreed" with which the bankrupt is proposing a rule to unsecured creditors and court approval, the payment of debts as a percentage compared to the sum of pay.
is no longer considered a necessary requirement of the proposal for full payment of secured creditors: it is possible to predict their satisfaction even partially. Relevant
is the possibility that the proposal could be presented not only failed but also by the creditors for the creditors agreed
may be advantageous because it avoids the long delays of bankruptcy proceedings, and also because they could obtain a certain sum now rather than an uncertain result.
for bankruptcy may be advantageous as the arrangement, with payment, the lender must be satisfied to receive the balance sum lower than that advances, with nothing to claim.

The other insolvency procedures

arrangement - special administration - compulsory liquidation

Il concordato preventivo
E’ un accordo concluso sotto il controllo e con l’approvazione del tribunale, tra l’imprenditore commerciale insolvente, non ancora fallito, e i creditori, sia privilegiati che chirografari, volto a soddisfare in percentuale i chirografari.
Qualora l’imprenditore riesca a stipulare il concordato evita il fallimento.
Tale proposta deve essere approvata dai creditori.

L’amministrazione straordinaria
E’ riservata alle imprese commerciali con almeno 200 dipendenti ed una forte esposizione finanziaria.
Ha una finalità conservativa del patrimonio dell' impresa , unlike other insolvency proceedings (the bankruptcy and compulsory winding-up ), which instead aims liquidated.
In fact, it is intended for recovery and rehabilitation of large companies who are in a state of insolvency , to prevent loss of company assets and the loss of many jobs.
is to try to satisfy the creditors together with the restructuring of the company, or selling productive sectors still saving their jobs. The

It wound up
'bankruptcy proceedings in which the liquidation of certain companies under the supervision of the state is implemented by organs of public administration rather than by courts.
are subjected to this procedure: banks, insurance companies, cooperatives.